8 Expressions [expr]

8.7 Additive operators [expr.add]

1
#
The additive operators + and - group left-to-right.
The usual arithmetic conversions are performed for operands of arithmetic or enumeration type.
additive-expression:
	multiplicative-expression
	additive-expression + multiplicative-expression
	additive-expression - multiplicative-expression
For addition, either both operands shall have arithmetic or unscoped enumeration type, or one operand shall be a pointer to a completely-defined object type and the other shall have integral or unscoped enumeration type.
2
#
For subtraction, one of the following shall hold:
  • (2.1)
    both operands have arithmetic or unscoped enumeration type; or
  • (2.2)
    both operands are pointers to cv-qualified or cv-unqualified versions of the same completely-defined object type; or
  • (2.3)
    the left operand is a pointer to a completely-defined object type and the right operand has integral or unscoped enumeration type.
3
#
The result of the binary + operator is the sum of the operands.
The result of the binary - operator is the difference resulting from the subtraction of the second operand from the first.
4
#
When an expression that has integral type is added to or subtracted from a pointer, the result has the type of the pointer operand.
If the expression P points to element x[i] of an array object x with n elements,86 the expressions P + J and J + P (where J has the value j) point to the (possibly-hypothetical) element if ; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.
Likewise, the expression P - J points to the (possibly-hypothetical) element if ; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.
5
#
When two pointers to elements of the same array object are subtracted, the type of the result is an implementation-defined signed integral type; this type shall be the same type that is defined as std​::​ptrdiff_­t in the <cstddef> header ([support.types]).
If the expressions P and Q point to, respectively, elements x[i] and x[j] of the same array object x, the expression P - Q has the value ; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.
[ Note
:
If the value is not in the range of representable values of type std​::​ptrdiff_­t, the behavior is undefined.
— end note
 ]
6
#
For addition or subtraction, if the expressions P or Q have type “pointer to cv T”, where T and the array element type are not similar ([conv.qual]), the behavior is undefined.
[ Note
:
In particular, a pointer to a base class cannot be used for pointer arithmetic when the array contains objects of a derived class type.
— end note
 ]
7
#
If the value 0 is added to or subtracted from a null pointer value, the result is a null pointer value.
If two null pointer values are subtracted, the result compares equal to the value 0 converted to the type std​::​ptrdiff_­t.
86)
An object that is not an array element is considered to belong to a single-element array for this purpose; see [expr.unary.op].
A pointer past the last element of an array x of n elements is considered to be equivalent to a pointer to a hypothetical element x[n] for this purpose; see [basic.compound].