Purring.org / Purring.info |
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Devoted to felid purring |
Professor Robert Eklund, PhD, MA, BA |
Updated: 22 September 2024 |
This site aims at summarizing what is currently known about (mostly) felid purring, i.e. the “trademark”
sound produced by most species of cats, only excluding four or five of the biggest cats, the so-called “roaring”
cats (lion, tiger, jaguar and leopard).
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Index |
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1 – A purring primer |
The following text is basically lifted from Eklund, Peters & Duthie (2010), i.e. the paper presented at the Swedish Phonetics Conference at Lund University, 2–4 June, 2010, and is consequently co-written with Gustav Peters and Elizabeth D. Duthie, i.e. |
[52] |
Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters & Elizabeth D. Duthie. 2010. |
The term ‘purring’ has been used liberally in the mammal vocalization
literature, and an exhaustive review is given in Peters (2002). Using a
definition of purring that continuous sound production must alternate between
pulmonic egressive and ingressive airstream (and usually go on for minutes),
Peters (2002) reached the conclusion that until then only ‘purring cats’
(Felidae) and two species of genets (Viverridae sensu stricto), Genetta tigrina,
and most likely also Genetta genetta, had been documented to purr.
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2 – Scientific papers |
This section serves as a companion to the scientific papers that I and my co-authors have published on felid purring. Besides the papers proper, data files – sounds and video – are found, as well as additional material. |
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2.1 – Fonetik 2024 |
Below you find the paper that should have been presented at the Swedish Phonetics conference in Stockholm on 3 June 2024, but actually was not since I was indisposed. |
[104] |
Eklund, Robert. 2015. |
Plates 1 and 2 from the Fonetik 2024 paper. Cheetah breeder Estelle Kemp and Robert Eklund recording the female cheetah Mufasa at the Dell Cheetah Centre, Parys, South Africa, 2019. |
Plate 3 from the Fonetik 2024 paper. Jade, purring waveform with egressive and ingressive phases labelled. |
YouTube clip from the data recording session, at 22 June 2019, Dell Cheetah Centre, Parys, South Africa. |
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2.2 – Fonetik 2015 |
Below you find the paper presented at the Swedish Phonetics conference in Lund on 8 June 2015. Nota bene! This paper is very much tongue-in-cheek, and should not be taken seriously but rather as entertainment. |
[72] |
Eklund, Robert. 2015. |
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2.3 – Fonetik 2013 |
Below you find the paper presented at the Swedish Phonetics conference in Linköping on 12 June 2013. |
[68] |
Eklund, Robert & Gustav Peters. 2013. |
Plate 1 from the Fonetik 2013 paper. Cheetah breeder Pieter Kemp and Robert Eklund recording the male cheetah Mufasa at the Dell Cheetah Centre, Parys, South Africa. |
Figure 1 from the Fonetik 2013 paper. Adult male cheetah Mufasa purring; Egressive and ingressive phases. |
Film clip corresponding to Figure 1. The film clip shows egressive (breathing out) and ingressive (breathing in) purring phases produced by the male adult cheetah Mufasa. The voice-over during the first two phases is Robert Eklund saying out aloud the words “ut” (out) and “in” (in) with his hand on the cheetah’s chest in order to get an audio synchronization of egressive and ingressive breathing on the recording. |
Figure 2 from the Fonetik 2013 paper. Subadult female cheetah Tippi purring; Egressive and ingressive phases. |
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2.4 – Fonetik 2012 |
Below you find the paper presented at the Swedish Phonetics conference in Gothenburg (Göteborg) on the 30 May, 2012. The film clip is not identical to Figure in the paper, but instead includes six (instead of four) breathing phases. |
[60] |
Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters, Florian Weise & Stuart Munro. 2012. |
Film clip illustrating the relative amplitude between pulmonic egressive (exhalation) and pulmonic ingressive (inhalation) phases in cheetah purring.
Six phases are shown: |
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2.5 – Fonetik 2011 |
The following video clips and sound files served as the basis for the
Schötz & Eklund (2011) paper presented at the Swedish
Phonetics Conference held at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm,
Sweden, 8–10 June, 2011. The paper can be downloaded below.
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[57] |
Schötz, Susanne & Robert Eklund. 2011. |
Domestic cat recording sessions |
Short excerpts from the recording sessions with the four domestic cats
Donna, Rocky, Turbo and Vincent. Recorded by Susanne Schötz
in her home (in Sweden). The recording dates are given in the film clips.
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Donna | Rocky |
Turbo | Vincent |
Domestic cat sound files |
Below you find sound files of purring produced by the four domestic cats Donna, Rocky, Turbo and Vincent (as shown in the videos above). |
Donna | [mp3] |
Rocky | [mp3] |
Turbo | [mp3] |
Vincent | [mp3] |
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2.6 – Fonetik 2010 |
The following film clips and images were presented at the Swedish
Phonetics Conference at Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 2 4 June, 2010.
They are also partly included in Eklund, Peters & Duthie (2010), i.e.
the paper published in the Conference Proceedings.
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[52] |
Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters & Elizabeth D. Duthie. 2010. |
Cheetah recording session |
Short excerpt from the recording session with the (constantly) purring cheetah Caine. Recorded by camera operator Elizabeth D. Duthie and microphone operator, linguist Robert Eklund. Recording date: 5 December, 2009, at the Dell Cheetah Centre, Parys, South Africa. |
Waveform and spectrogram analysis of a purring cheetah |
A short film clip showing four phases of cheetah purring, clearly showing the difference between egressive (out-breathing) and ingressive (in-breathing) phases from an acoustic point of view. The phases shown are (in order): egressive–ingressive–egressive–ingressive. |
Waveform and spectrogram analysis of a purring domestic cat |
A short film clip showing six phases of domestic cat purring, clearly showing the similarity between egressive (out-breathing) and ingressive (in-breathing) phases from an acoustic point of view (especially compared to the cheetah). The phases shown are (in order): egressive–ingressive–egressive–ingressive–egressive–ingressive. |
Waveform transitions egressive–ingressive phases in purring cheetah and domestic cat |
A short film clip of waveforms showing phase transitions from egressive (out-breathing) to ingressive (in-breathing) phases in a purring cheetah (top window) and a purring domestic cat purring (bottom window). Not ‘stereo effect’ at the end of the clip. |
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Image files of waveform and spectrogram analyses |
Below you find high-resolution image files corresponding to some of the film clips above. Click on the files, and high-definition images will open in new tab or window. Please observe that the spectrogram images below also include the first four formants, unlike the figures presented in Eklund, Peters & Duthie (2010). |
Frequency ranges of purring in a cheetah and a domestic cat |
Below you find the observed frequency ranges of the purring cheetah and the purring domestic cat described in Eklund, Peters & Duthie (2010), mapped onto an extended piano keyboard (the greyish octave to the left does not exist on modern pianos, but is added to the keyboard). The green colour indicates the frequency range of the purring, and the completely coloured key represents the mean value of the purring. |
3 – Media interviews |
Below you will find a listing of (most of) the media interviews I have done about wildlife in general and purring in particular. Some of the media files are available for download. Enjoy! |
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3.1 – Press |
On 5 April 2014 I was interviewed in
Östgöta Correspondenten (web name Corren.se on the mystery of purring.
The link below will take you there. (Note that it is in Swedish.) |
Journalist John Nyzell and editor Tatjana Kontio interviewed me about purring and other felid vocalizations for an article which appeared in Våra Rovdjur, the official organ of the Swedish Carnivore Association (Svenska Rovdjursföreningen. The interview appeared in the no. 1 issue in March 2014 and can be downloaded below, by kind permission of everyone involved. Note that it is in Swedish. |
Katten vad det låter! (8.7 MB) |
Below is a list of my press appearances that discuss felid purring. Note that many of these are in Swedish. |
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3.2 – Radio |
I appeared on the Swedish public broadcasting program P4 Morgon (“P4 Morning”) on Thursday, 14 March 2014, where the program hostess Cia Sivertsdotter interviewed me about felid purring and similar vocalizations in other mammals, including alleged purring in both tigers (a non-purring felid) and other mammals. The interview can be downloaded below. |
P1 Morgon, 13 March 2014. (8.7 MB, 18:30 minutes.) |
I appeared on the Swedish public broadcasting program Naturmorgon (“Nature Morning”) on Saturday, 26 March 2011, where the program hostess Lena Näslund interviewed me about felid purring and similar vocalizations in other mammals, including alleged purring in both tigers (a non-purring felid) and other mammals. The interview can be downloaded below. The beep sound indicates where a cut-edit has been made (in the original version I appeared twice, once in the first hour of the program, and a second time in the second hour of the program). |
Naturmorgon, 26 March 2011. (6.5 MB, 13:55 minutes.) |
I appeared on the Swedish public broadcasting program Språket
(“The Language”) on Tuesday, 1 June 2010, where the program
hostess Anna Lena Ringarp interviewed me about felid purring.
The interview can be downloaded below. The beep sound indicates where a
cut-edit has been made.
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Språket, 1 June 2010. (3.5 MB, 3:43 minutes.) |
Below you find a list of selected radio appearances that cover felid vocalization in general, most of the mentioning purring. The titles are taken from web versions (pod radio) that I have identified, something which has not always been successful. |
Science Friday (28 October 2022) |
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3.3 – TV |
Interview by Henrik Lindberg, 24Corren |
On 26 Mars 2014 I was interviewed by journalist Henrik Lindberg from 24Corren, in (and outside) my office at Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Made available by kind permission. (Note that the interview is in Swedish. Also note that I hadn’t slept for days and look awful!) |
Below you find a listing of my TV appearances I. The order is “newest first”. In some cases I don’t know whether the interview was actually broadcast, e.g. the ZDF/Bayerischer Rundfunk below. Again the hidden number with regards to mentions (as opposed to direct interviews with me personally) is surely considerable. |
ARTE (28 November 2020) |
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3.4 – Web |
In February 2014 I was interviewed by Sofia Ström Bernad for the research and internal web pages at http://www.liu.se Linköing University. This resulted in two articles that can be accessed by clicking the links below. (Note that one of the pages is available in both Swedish and English. |
Han kan lösa spinnandets gåta |
Han ska lösa spinnandets gåta |
Please note that I don’t expect to solve the riddle of purring. I just enjoy studying it. |
I am easily found on the web, but to provide a listing of mentions would be a both a futile exercise as well as a Sisyphus undertaking, for several reasons; for starters, almost all interviews in both press, radio and TV are mirrored on the web. What is listed below are interviews with and articles about me (e.g. Researcher Profiles) and the YouTube clip that was part of how my/our felid vocalisations studies (Meowsic) started. |
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-do-cats-purr-scientists-may-now-have-an-answer-180983044/
https://www.livescience.com/animals/cats/why-cats-purr-is-a-surprisingly-long-standing-mystery-now-were-one-step-closer-to-solving-it
https://radiopublic.com/tumble-science-podcast-for-kids-G4wko8/s1!66a2c
https://liu.se/nyhet/humorpris-till-liu-s-kattforskning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLIT-UWGru4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR4ToTT1FCU
http://liu.se/artikel/kattprat-blev-global-mediahit
http://liu.se/artikel/talar-din-katt-dialekt-
http://liu.se/artikel/han-ska-losa-spinnandets-gata
http://old.liu.se/insidan/reportage/han-kan-losa-spinnandets-gata/?l=en
http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2015/08/26/Comparative-Meows/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFvULxbN3NM |
4 – Purring animals |
Below you find additional sounds files of purring animals, including another cheetah, a purring serval and also a purring genet. |
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4.1 – Cheetah |
The following recording of a purring cheetah also appears on Robert Eklund’s websites devoted to ingressive speech and phonation, i.e. http://ingressivespeech.info/, and (actually the same exact site) http://ingressive.info/. Additional information on wildlife-related issues, as well as wildlife pictures can also be found in the Wildlife section (click on the ‘Wildlife’ button) on Robert Eklund’s homepage: http://roberteklund.info/. |
Purring cheetah
[mp3] |
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4.2 – Serval |
The following recording of a purring serval also appears on Robert Eklund’s websites devoted to ingressive speech and phonation, i.e. http://ingressivespeech.info/, and (actually the same exact site) http://ingressive.info/. Additional information on wildlife-related issues, as well as wildlife pictures can also be found in the Wildlife section (click on the ‘Wildlife’ button) on Robert Eklund’s homepage: http://roberteklund.info/. |
Purring serval
[mp3] |
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4.3 – Genet |
Since the only know example of a non-felid purring is the genet, a sound files is provided below. As is the case with the purring cheetah and the purring serval above, the following recording of a purring genet also appears on Robert Eklund’s websites devoted to ingressive speech and phonation, i.e. http://ingressivespeech.info/, and (actually the same exact site) http://ingressive.info/. Additional information on wildlife-related issues, as well as wildlife pictures can also be found in the Wildlife section (click on the ‘Wildlife’ button) on Robert Eklund’s homepage: http://roberteklund.info/. |
Purring Genetta tigrina
[mp3] |
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Recording provided by |
Reference
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5 – Bibliography |
Depending on the approach, the literature on purring is either surprisingly
meager, or replete with scientific mentions. While several papers on various
species of felids do include mentions of “purring” among the
various vocalizations pertaining to a particular species of cat, very
few papers are devoted to purring proper. Below I will try to list works
that belong to the latter category, while other papers that simply mention
purring “in passing” will be added intermittently.
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Bard, Philip. 1934. On Emotional Expression After Decortication With Some Remarks On Certain Theoretical Views Psychological Review, vol. 41, pp. 424–449, see p. 445. |
Bazett, G. C. & W. G. Penfield. 1922. A Study of the Sherrington Decerebrate Animal in the Chronic as well as the Acute Condition Brain: A Journal of Neurology, vol. 45, pp. 185–265. |
Beaver, Bonnie V. 1983. PURR-FECT communication Beastly Behavior, vol. 78, p. 41. |
Becker, John E. 2010. Frenemies For Life. Cheetahs and Anatolian Shepherd Dogs Delaware, OH: Columbus Zoological Park Association. |
Blacklock, Glenn A. 1972. A Cat’s Purr... On Purpose? Cat Fancy, vol. 16, pp. 20–41. |
Bradshaw, John & Charlotte Cameron-Beaumont. 1998 (2nd edition in 2000). The signalling repertoire of the domestic cat and its undomestic relatives In: Dennis C. Turner & Patrick Bateson (eds.): The Domestic Cat. The biology of its behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ch. 5, pp. 93–21. |
Brown, Kenneth A., Jennifer S. Buchwald, Judith R. Johnson & Dennis J. Mikolich. 1978. Vocalization in the Cat and Kitten Developmental Psychobiology, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 559–570. |
Budiansky, Stephen. 2002. The Character of Cats New York: Penguin Books, pp. 113–114. |
Denis, Armand. 1964. Cats of the World Science, vol. 144, pp. 555–556. |
Dewson, James H. 1964. Speech Sound Discrimination by Cats London: Constable pp. 23–24. |
Eklund, Robert. 2024. Does purring "ronron" in the family? A longitudinal and intra-family study of purring in a female cheetah as a cub and as an adult and purring in her father as an adult and brother as a cub In: Mattias Heldner, Martin Wlodarczak, Christine Ericsdotter Nordgren & Carla Wikse Barrow (eds.): Proceedings from FONETIK 2024,Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 3–5 June 2024, pp. 39–44. |
Eklund, Robert. 2015. Grimaldi’s “Discovery of the Cat Language”: A theory in need of revival (or perhaps not?) Proceedings from Fonetik 2015. Working Papers 55/2015, 8–10 June 2015, Centre for Languages and Literature, General Linguistics/Phonetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, ISSN 0280-526X, pp. 27–30 |
Eklund, Robert & Gustav Peters. 2013. A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in juvenile, subadult and adult cheetahs. Proceedings of Fonetik 2013, the XXVIth Swedish Phonetics Conference, Studies in Language and Culture, no. 21, ISBN 978-91-7519-582-7, eISBN 978-91-7519-579-7, ISSN 1403-2570, pp. 25–28. |
Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters, Florian Weise & Stuart Munro. 2012. A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in four cheetahs Proceedings of Fonetik 2012, Gothenburg University, May 30–June 1, 2012, Göteborg, Sweden, pp. 41–44. |
Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters & Elizabeth D. Duthie. 2010. An acoustic analysis of purring in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and in the domestic cat (Felis catus) Proceedings of Fonetik 2010, Lund University, 2–4 June 2010, Lund, Sweden, pp. 17–22. |
Eldredge, Debra M., Delbert G. Carlson & Liisa D. Carlson. 2008 (third edition). A Cat Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook Hoboken, New Jersey: Howell Book House. |
Frazer Sissom, Dawn E., D. A. Rice & G. Peters. 1991. How cats purr Journal of Zoology, vol. 223, pp. 67–98. |
Gibbs, E. L. & F. A. Gibbs. 1936. A Purring Center In The Cat’s Brain The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 64, pp. 209–211. |
Haskins, Ron. 1979. A casual analysis of kitten vocalization: an observational and experimental study Animal Behavior, vol. 27 pp. 726–736. |
Hast, M. H. 1989. The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats Journal of Anatomy, vol. 163 pp. 117–121. |
Heffner, Rickye S. & Henry S. Heffner. 1985. Hearing range of the domestic cat Hearing Research, vol. 19, pp. 85–88. |
Hemmer, Helmut. 1972. Uncia uncia Mammalian Species, no. 20, pp. 1–5. |
Herbst, Christian, Tamara Prigge, Maxime Garcia, Vit Hampala, Riccardo Hofer, Gerald E. Weissengruber, Jan G. Svec & W. Tecumseh Fitch. 2023. Domestic cat larynges can produce purring frequencies without neural input Current Biology, 6 November 2023, no. 33, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.014. |
Hussel, Lothar. 1949. Beitrag zur Physiologie des Schnurrens der Hauskatze PhD thesis, Veterinär-Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig. |
Härtel, Renate. 1975. Zur Struktur und Funktion akustischer Signale im Pflegesystem der Hauskatze (Felis catus L.) Biologisches Zentralblatt, vol. 94,pp. 187–204. |
Johnson, Warren E. Eduardo Eizirik, Jill Pecon-Slattery, William J. Murphy, Agostinho Antunes, Emma Teeling & Stephen J. O’Brien. 2006. The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment Science, vol. 311, pp. 73–77. |
Kirchner, John A. 1993. The Vertebrate Larynx: Adaptations and Aberrations The Laryngoscope, vol. 103, issue 10, pp. 1197–1201. |
Kitchener, Andrew C., Blaire Van Valkenburgh & Nobuyuki Yamaguchi. 2010. Felid form and function In: David Macdonald & Andrew Loveridge (eds.), Biology and conservation of wild felids, Oxford: Oxford University Press, chapter 3, pp. 86–106. |
Kirkwood, P. A., T. A. Sears, D. Stagg & R. H. Westgaard. 1987. Intercostal muscles and purring in the cat: the influence of afferent inputs Brain Research, vol. 405, pp. 187–191. |
Leyhausen, Paul. 1979. Cat Behavior. The Predatory and Social Behavior of Domestic and Wild Cats. New York & London: Garland STPM Press, pp. 225, 255, 256, 258, 293, 296. |
Leyhausen, Paul. 1956. Über die unterscheidliche Entwicklung einiger Verhaltensweisen bei den Feliden Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, vol. 4, pp. 123–125. |
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McCuistion, W. R. 1966. FELINE PURRING and its dynamics Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician, vol. 61,pp. 562–566. |
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McLaughlin, Ronald Thomas. 1970. Aspects of the Biology of Cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber) in Nairobi National Park MA Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya (299 pages). |
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Muggenthaler, Elisabeth von. 2001. The felid purr: A healing mechanism? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 110, no. 5, pt. 2, p. 2666. |
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Schötz, Susanne. 2017. Die geheimene Sprache der Katzen Walz bei Salzburg: Benevento Publishing. ISBN 978-3-7110-0121-4 |
Schötz, Susanne & Robert Eklund. 2011. A comparative acoustic analysis of purring in four cats Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011 Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, volume 51, pp. 9–12. |
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Taylor, David. 2004 (2005 edition). Thinkcat. An owner’s guide to feline psychology London: Cassell Illustrated, pp. 43, 45, 58. |
Weissengruber, G. E., G. Forstenpointner, S. Petzold, C. Zacha & S. Kneissl. 2008. Anatomical Peculiarities of the Vocal Tract In: H. Endo & R. Frey (eds.): Anatomical Imaging, Tokyo: Springer, ch. 2, pp. 15–21. |
Weissengruber, G. E., G. Forstenpointner, G. Peters, A. Kübber-Heiss & W. T. Fitch. 2002. Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus) Journal of Anatomy, vol. 201, pp. 195–209. |
Volodina, E. V. 2000. Vocal Repertoire of Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (Carnivora, Felidae) in Captivity: Sound Structure and Search for Means of Assessing the State of Adult Animals. Entomological Review, vol. 80, Suppl. 2, pp. S368–S378. |
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7 – Robert Eklund’s homepage |
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