template<class T> void g(T);
g({1,2,3}); // error: no argument deduced for T
— end example
template<class T> void f(T x, T y) { /* ... */ }
struct A { /* ... */ };
struct B : A { /* ... */ };
void g(A a, B b) {
f(a,b); // error: T could be A or B
f(b,a); // error: T could be A or B
f(a,a); // OK: T is A
f(b,b); // OK: T is B
}
template <class T, class U> void f( T (*)( T, U, U ) );
int g1( int, float, float);
char g2( int, float, float);
int g3( int, char, float);
void r() {
f(g1); // OK: T is int and U is float
f(g2); // error: T could be char or int
f(g3); // error: U could be char or float
}
template<class T> void f(const T*) { }
int* p;
void s() {
f(p); // f(const int*)
}
template <class T> struct B { };
template <class T> struct D : public B<T> {};
struct D2 : public B<int> {};
template <class T> void f(B<T>&){}
void t() {
D<int> d;
D2 d2;
f(d); // calls f(B<int>&)
f(d2); // calls f(B<int>&)
} — end exampleT cv-list T T* T& T&& T[integer-constant] template-name<T> (where template-name refers to a class template) type(T) T() T(T) T type::* type T::* T T::* T (type::*)() type (T::*)() type (type::*)(T) type (T::*)(T) T (type::*)(T) T (T::*)() T (T::*)(T) type[i] template-name<i> (where template-name refers to a class template) TT<T> TT<i> TT<>
template<class T1, class... Z> class S; // #1 template<class T1, class... Z> class S<T1, const Z&...> { }; // #2 template<class T1, class T2> class S<T1, const T2&> { }; // #3 S<int, const int&> s; // both #2 and #3 match; #3 is more specialized template<class T, class... U> struct A { }; // #1 template<class T1, class T2, class... U> struct A<T1, T2*, U...> { }; // #2 template<class T1, class T2> struct A<T1, T2> { }; // #3 template struct A<int, int*>; // selects #2— end example
template <class T> void f(T&&);
template <> void f(int&) { } // #1
template <> void f(int&&) { } // #2
void g(int i) {
f(i); // calls f<int&>(int&), i.e., #1
f(0); // calls f<int>(int&&), i.e., #2
} — end example
template<class T, class... U> void f(T*, U...) { } // #1
template<class T> void f(T) { } // #2
template void f(int*); // selects #1
— end example
template<long n> struct A { };
template<typename T> struct C;
template<typename T, T n> struct C<A<n>> {
using Q = T;
};
using R = long;
using R = C<A<2>>::Q; // OK; T was deduced to long from the
// template argument value in the type A<2>
— end example
template<typename T> struct S;
template<typename T, T n> struct S<int[n]> {
using Q = T;
};
using V = decltype(sizeof 0);
using V = S<int[42]>::Q; // OK; T was deduced to std::size_t from the type int[42]
— end example
template<class T, T i> void f(int (&a)[i]);
int v[10];
void g() {
f(v); // OK: T is std::size_t
} — end example
template<int i> void f1(int a[10][i]);
template<int i> void f2(int a[i][20]);
template<int i> void f3(int (&a)[i][20]);
void g() {
int v[10][20];
f1(v); // OK: i deduced to be 20
f1<20>(v); // OK
f2(v); // error: cannot deduce template-argument i
f2<10>(v); // OK
f3(v); // OK: i deduced to be 10
}
template <int i> class A { /* ... */ };
template <int i> void g(A<i+1>);
template <int i> void f(A<i>, A<i+1>);
void k() {
A<1> a1;
A<2> a2;
g(a1); // error: deduction fails for expression i+1
g<0>(a1); // OK
f(a1, a2); // OK
} — end exampletemplate<int i, typename T> T deduce(typename A<T>::X x, // T is not deduced here T t, // but T is deduced here typename B<i>::Y y); // i is not deduced here A<int> a; B<77> b; int x = deduce<77>(a.xm, 62, b.ym); // T is deduced to be int, a.xm must be convertible to A<int>::X // i is explicitly specified to be 77, b.ym must be convertible to B<77>::Y— end note
template<int i> class A { /* ... */ };
template<short s> void f(A<s>);
void k1() {
A<1> a;
f(a); // error: deduction fails for conversion from int to short
f<1>(a); // OK
}
template<const short cs> class B { };
template<short s> void g(B<s>);
void k2() {
B<1> b;
g(b); // OK: cv-qualifiers are ignored on template parameter types
} — end example
template<class T> void f(void(*)(T,int));
template<class T> void foo(T,int);
void g(int,int);
void g(char,int);
void h(int,int,int);
void h(char,int);
int m() {
f(&g); // error: ambiguous
f(&h); // OK: void h(char,int) is a unique match
f(&foo); // error: type deduction fails because foo is a template
} — end example
template <class T> void f(T = 5, T = 7);
void g() {
f(1); // OK: call f<int>(1,7)
f(); // error: cannot deduce T
f<int>(); // OK: call f<int>(5,7)
} — end example
template <template <class T> class X> struct A { };
template <template <class T> class X> void f(A<X>) { }
template<class T> struct B { };
A<B> ab;
f(ab); // calls f(A<B>)
— end example
template<class> struct X { };
template<class R, class ... ArgTypes> struct X<R(int, ArgTypes ...)> { };
template<class ... Types> struct Y { };
template<class T, class ... Types> struct Y<T, Types& ...> { };
template<class ... Types> int f(void (*)(Types ...));
void g(int, float);
X<int> x1; // uses primary template
X<int(int, float, double)> x2; // uses partial specialization; ArgTypes contains float, double
X<int(float, int)> x3; // uses primary template
Y<> y1; // use primary template; Types is empty
Y<int&, float&, double&> y2; // uses partial specialization; T is int&, Types contains float, double
Y<int, float, double> y3; // uses primary template; Types contains int, float, double
int fv = f(g); // OK; Types contains int, float
— end example