12 Classes [class]

12.2 Class members [class.mem]

12.2.3 Static members [class.static]

12.2.3.2 Static data members [class.static.data]

1
#
A static data member is not part of the subobjects of a class.
If a static data member is declared thread_­local there is one copy of the member per thread.
If a static data member is not declared thread_­local there is one copy of the data member that is shared by all the objects of the class.
2
#
The declaration of a non-inline static data member in its class definition is not a definition and may be of an incomplete type other than cv void.
The definition for a static data member that is not defined inline in the class definition shall appear in a namespace scope enclosing the member's class definition.
In the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​ operator.
The initializer expression in the definition of a static data member is in the scope of its class ([basic.scope.class]).
[ Example
: 
class process {
  static process* run_chain;
  static process* running;
};

process* process::running = get_main();
process* process::run_chain = running;
The static data member run_­chain of class process is defined in global scope; the notation process​::​run_­chain specifies that the member run_­chain is a member of class process and in the scope of class process.
In the static data member definition, the initializer expression refers to the static data member running of class process.
— end example
 ]
[ Note
:
Once the static data member has been defined, it exists even if no objects of its class have been created.
[ Example
:
In the example above, run_­chain and running exist even if no objects of class process are created by the program.
— end example
 ]
— end note
 ]
3
#
If a non-volatile non-inline const static data member is of integral or enumeration type, its declaration in the class definition can specify a brace-or-equal-initializer in which every initializer-clause that is an assignment-expression is a constant expression ([expr.const]).
The member shall still be defined in a namespace scope if it is odr-used ([basic.def.odr]) in the program and the namespace scope definition shall not contain an initializer.
An inline static data member may be defined in the class definition and may specify a brace-or-equal-initializer.
If the member is declared with the constexpr specifier, it may be redeclared in namespace scope with no initializer (this usage is deprecated; see [depr.static_constexpr]).
Declarations of other static data members shall not specify a brace-or-equal-initializer.
4
#
[ Note
:
There shall be exactly one definition of a static data member that is odr-used ([basic.def.odr]) in a program; no diagnostic is required.
— end note
 ]
Unnamed classes and classes contained directly or indirectly within unnamed classes shall not contain static data members.
5
#
[ Note
:
Static data members of a class in namespace scope have the linkage of that class ([basic.link]).
A local class cannot have static data members ([class.local]).
— end note
 ]
6
#
Static data members are initialized and destroyed exactly like non-local variables ([basic.start.static], [basic.start.dynamic], [basic.start.term]).
7
#
A static data member shall not be mutable ([dcl.stc]).