Design Mechanism Characteristics and Mapping
Consider the analysis mechanism for persistence.
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There might be a need for many (2,000) small objects (200 bytes each) to be stored for a few seconds, with no need
for them to survive thereafter.
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There might be a need for several very large objects to be stored permanently on disk for several months, never
updated, but with sophisticated means of retrieval.
These objects require different support for persistency. The best option depends on the characteristics of the design
mechanism:
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In-memory storage: For up to 1 Mb total (size x volume); very fast access for read, write,
update.
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Flash card: For up to 8 Mb; slow update and write access; moderate read access.
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Binary file: For 100 Kb to 200 Mb; slow update; slow read-and-write access.
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Database management system (DBMS): For 100 Kb and upward (essentially no upper limit); even
slower update and read-and-write access.
Note that these speeds are rated as slow only as compared to in-memory storage. Obviously, in some environments,
caching can improve apparent access times. (See Figure 1.)
Figure 1. Mapping Analysis Mechanisms to Design Mechanisms and Classes
Mapping Design Mechanisms to Implementation Mechanisms
The persistence design mechanisms can be mapped to implementation mechanisms as Figure 2 shows:
Figure 2. How persistence design mechanism map to implementation mechanism
A possible mapping between analysis mechanisms and design mechanisms. Dotted arrows mean "is specialized by,"
implying that the characteristics of the design mechanisms are inherited from the analysis mechanisms but that they
will be specialized and refined.
After you have finished optimizing the mechanisms, the following mappings exist (see Figure 3):
Figure 3. Mapping structure after optimizing the mechanisms
The design decisions for a client class in terms of mappings between mechanisms. The Flight class needs two forms of persistency:
in-memory storage, implemented by a predefined library routine, and a
database, implemented with an off-the-shelf ObjectStorage product.
The map must be navigable in both directions to make it easy to determine client classes when changing
implementation mechanisms.
Refining the mapping between design and implementation mechanisms
Initially, the mapping between design mechanisms and implementation mechanisms is likely to be less than optimal, but
it will get the project running, identify unforeseen risks, and trigger further investigations and evaluations. As the
project continues and you gain more knowledge, you will need to refine the mapping.
Proceed iteratively to refine the mapping between design and implementation mechanisms. Eliminate redundant paths,
working both top-down and bottom-up.
Working top-down: When working top-down (from top to bottom), new and refined use-case realizations will put new
requirements on the necessary design mechanisms through the analysis mechanisms that you need. These new requirements
might uncover additional characteristics of a design mechanism, forcing a split between mechanisms. A compromise
between the system's complexity and its performance is also necessary:
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Too many different design mechanisms make the system too complex.
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Too few design mechanisms can create performance problems for implementation mechanisms that stretch the limits of
the reasonable ranges of the values of their characteristics.
Working bottom-up: When working bottom-up (from bottom to top) and investigating the available implementation
mechanisms, you might find products that satisfy several design mechanisms at once, but force some adaptation or
repartitioning of your design mechanisms. You want to minimize the number of implementation mechanisms you use, but too
few of them can also lead to performance problems.
After you decide to use a DBMS to store class A objects, you might be tempted to use it to store all objects in the
system. This could be very inefficient or very cumbersome. Not all objects that require persistency need to be stored
in the DBMS. Some objects may be persistent, but one application may access them frequently, while other applications
access them only infrequently. A hybrid strategy, in which the object is read from the DBMS into memory and
periodically synchronized, may be the best approach.
Example
A flight can be stored both in memory for fast access and in a DBMS for long-term persistency. However, this
triggers a need for a mechanism to synchronize both.
It is not uncommon to have more than one design mechanism associated with a client class as a compromise between
different characteristics.
Because implementation mechanisms often come in bundles in off-the-shelf components (operating systems and middleware
products), some optimization based on cost, impedance mismatch, or uniformity of style needs to occur. Also, mechanisms
are often interdependent, which makes clear separation of services into design mechanisms difficult.
Examples
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The notification mechanism can be based on the inter-process communication mechanism.
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The error reporting mechanism can be based on the persistency mechanism.
Refinement continues over the whole Elaboration phase, and is always a compromise between:
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An exact fit with the requirements of the clients of the design mechanism, in terms of the expected
characteristics.
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The cost and complexity of having too many different implementation mechanisms to acquire and integrate.
The overall goal is always to have a simple, clean set of mechanisms that give conceptual integrity, simplicity, and
elegance to a large system.
Describing Design Mechanisms
As with analysis mechanisms, design mechanisms can be modeled using a collaboration, which may instantiate one or more
architectural or design patterns.
Example: A persistence mechanism
This example uses an instance of a pattern for RDBMS-based persistency drawn from Java™ Database Connectivity (JDBC).
Although we present the design here, JDBC supplies actual code for some of the classes. Therefore, it is a short
step from what is presented here to an implementation mechanism.
Figure 4, titled JDBC: Static view, shows the classes (actually, the classifier roles) in the
collaboration.
Figure 4. JDBC: Static view
The yellow classes are the ones that were supplied. The others, in tan (myDBClass and so on), were bound by the designer to create the mechanism.
In a Java database class, a client will work with a DBClass to read and write persistent data. The DBClass is responsible for accessing the JDBC database, using the
DriverManager class. Once a database connection is open, the DBClass can then create SQL statements that will be sent to the underlying
RDBMS and executed using the Statement class. The Statement class
is what communicates with the database. The result of the SQL query is returned in a ResultSet object.
The DBClass is responsible for making another class instance persistent. It understands the OO-to-RDBMS mapping
and can interface with the RDBMS. The DBClass flattens the object,
writes it to the RDBMS, and then reads the object data from the RDBMS and builds the object. Every class that is
persistent has a corresponding DBClass.
The PersistentClassList is used to return a set of persistent objects as a result of a database query, for
example: DBClass.read().
A series of dynamic views follow, in Figures 5 thorough 9, to show how the mechanism actually works.
Figure5. JDBC: Initialize
Initialization must occur before any persistent class can be accessed.
To initialize the connection to the database, the DBClass must load the
appropriate driver by calling the DriverManager getConnection()
operation with a URL, user, and password.
The operation getConnection() attempts to establish a connection to the
given database URL. The driver manager attempts to select an appropriate driver from the set of registered JDBC
drivers.
Parameters
URL: A database URL in the form jdbc:subprotocol:subname. This URL is used to locate the actual
database server and is not Web-related, in this instance.
user: The database user who is making the connection.
pass: The user's password
Returns
A connection to the URL.
Figure 6. JDBC: Create
To create a new class, the persistency client asks the DBClass to create
the new class. The DBClass creates a new instance of PersistentClass with default values. The DBClass then creates a new Statement using the Connection class
createStatement() operation. The Statement runs, and the data is
added to the database.
Figure 7. JDBC: Read
To read a persistent class, the persistency client asks the DBClass to
read. The DBClass creates a new Statement using the Connection class
createStatement() operation. The Statement is executed, and the data is returned in a ResultSet object. The DBClass
then creates a new instance of the PersistentClass and populates it with
the retrieved data. The data is returned in a collection object, an instance of the PersistentClassList class.
Note:
The string passed to executeQuery() is not necessarily exactly the same
string as the one passed into the read(). The DBClass will build the SQL query to retrieve the persistent data from the
database, using the criteria passed into the read(). This is because it
is not useful for the client of the DBClass to know the internal
structure of the database to create a valid query. This knowledge is encapsulated within DBClass.
Figure 8. JDBC: Update
To update a class, the persistency client asks the DBClass to update.
The DBClass retrieves the data from the given PersistentClass object, and creates a new Statement using the Connection class
createStatement() operation. Once the Statement is built, the
database is updated with the new data from the class.
Remember: It is the job of the DBClass to flatten the
PersistentClass and write it to the database. That is why it must be
retrieved from the given PersistentClass before creating the SQL Statement.
Note:
In the above mechanism, the PersistentClass must provide access routines
for all persistent data so that DBClass can access them. This provides
external access to certain persistent attributes that would have been private otherwise. This is a price you have to
pay to pull the persistence knowledge out of the class that encapsulates the data.
Figure 9. JDBC: Delete
To delete a class, the persistency client asks the DBClass to delete the
PersistentClass. The DBClass creates a new Statement
using the Connection class createStatement() operation. The Statement is executed and the data is removed from the database.
In the actual implementation of this design, you would make some decisions about the mapping of DBClass to the persistent classes, such as having one DBClass per persistent class and allocating them to appropriate packages.
These packages will depend on the supplied java.sql file (see JDBC: API Documentation) package that contains the supporting
classes DriverManager, Connection, Statement, and ResultSet.
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