729G87 Interaction Programming¶

Lecture 1.2¶

Johan Falkenjack, johan.falkenjack@liu.se¶

Lecture overview¶

CSS syntax: selectors, properties and values
- CSS: borders and colors
Using classes and id:s
CSS Box model
CSS Layout
- legacy methods vs new methods
- display models
- positioning
- floats
- flexbox
If we have the time
- Introduction to RWD (Responsive Web Design)
- Typography

HTML5 template¶

<!doctype html>

<!-- Language information for better search engine and browser support -->
<html lang="en">
    <head>

        <!-- Text encoding used by this text file. -->
        <meta charset="utf-8">
        <title>Document 1</title>

        <!-- File that contains stylesheet. Multiple css-files can be linked to. -->
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">

        <!-- File that contains JavaScript for page. Multiple JavaScript files
             can be used. They will be loaded in written order. -->
        <script src="script.js"></script>

    </head>
    <body>
        <!-- page content here -->
    </body>
</html>

Adding a `class` to a HTML element¶

<tag class="name-of-class"> ... </tag>

Why? More flexibility for selecting parts of the DOM to apply a style to, or to manipulate with JavaScript

Example: we have different kinds of paragraphs to which we want to apply different styles (e.g. font face).
Assigning different classes to different paragraphs allows us to apply different styles to paragraphs with different classes.

Adding an `id` to an element¶

Adding an id to an element allows us to target a specific element e.g. to apply a style or some kind of interaction.

However, it generally a better strategy to be as general as possible with applications of styles/interactions, i.e. use class when possible.

CSS

Guide: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS
Reference: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS

Inline CSS

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Inline CSS</title>
  </head>
  <body style="background-color: lightblue;">
    <h1 style="color:navy;margin-left: 20px;">This is styled inline</h1>
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
  </body>
</html>

inline_css.html

Internal CSS¶

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Internal CSS</title>
    <style>
      body {
        background-color: lightblue;
      }
      h1 {
        color: navy;
        margin-left: 20px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>This is styled internally</h1>
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
  </body>
</html>

internal_css.html

External CSS (what you should use in the assignments)

external_css.html:

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">
    <title>External CSS</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>This is styled externally</h1>
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
  </body>
</html>

mystyle.css:

body {
    background-color: lightblue;
}
h1 {
    color: navy;
    margin-left: 20px;
}

external_css.html

So what were we actually doing here?¶

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)¶

CSS specifies
1. visual style
2. layout
HTML elements inherit CSS properties from their ancestors
- e.g. the value of the font-family property for the <body> element is inherited by the <p> element.
"Cascading" comes from how priority is determined if more than one style declaration can apply to a given element.
Normally, a multitude of CSS source files are used and a browser will search through these in order of priority to find which style to apply.
- We also often separate layout and style into different files

Aspects of style¶

Colors and borders, e.g.
- background color/image
- borders around elements
Typography, e.g.
- font, font size
- line height
Size of individual elements

Aspects of layout¶

Positioning of elements
- Location of content, toolbars, menus, etc.
Interaction between elements
- What happens when two elements want to use the same space
Size of aggregated elements
- How much space allocated to content vs. menus, etc.

The style sheet¶

Plain text file
A collection of style specifications combining a selector and a set of rules.
- The selector specifies which portions of the DOM should be affected.
- The rules specify how those portions should be affected.
A HTML document can link to one or more stylesheets.
Style specifications are evaluated in series from the top.
Later specifications can overrule previous specifications.
This is the cascade referred to in the name.

External CSS (what you should use)

external_css.html:

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">
    <title>External CSS</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>This is styled externally</h1>
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
  </body>
</html>

mystyle.css:

body {
    background-color: lightblue;
}
h1 {
    color: navy;
    margin-left: 20px;
}

external_css.html

CSS Rule Syntax¶

Syntax¶

/* This is a comment */

body {
    font-family: Times, Serif;
    font-size: 16px;
    padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
}

h1 {
    font-family: Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
    font-size: 32px;
}

Filepaths in HTML and CSS¶

Unless otherwise specified, all filepaths are relative to the current file.
/ means the root of the web site, i.e. for
- https://php-web.edu.liu.se/~yourliuid/index.html
- the root is
- https://php-web.edu.liu.se/
./ means current directory
../ means go up one directory

I've used CSS before and it is extremely confusing and painful!¶

Yes, it can be.
Learn to work with the inspector in your browser to find which rule is applied to the element that isn't behaving itself.
Frameworks or other parts of your toolchain might overrule parts of your custom CSS unless you provide the correct templates or configuration files.
- Perfect example, my slides.
Some properties might have no effect depending on other properties. Like how the display property affects the width and height attributes.
- The width and height properties apply to an element if its display property is set to display: block, but not if set to display: inline.
CSS that you have built yourself is generally MUCH easier to get and keep straight than modifying something generated by a complex chain of tools.
Take a deep breath. You will develop an intuition and a workflow.

Examples of properties¶

Some style properties of HTML elements¶

font-size: size of font
font-family: name of font
line-height: height of linne
width: width of element
height: height of element
margin: distance to next element
padding: distance to element content
color: font color
background-color: background color of element
border: border style of element

Size¶

Size properties¶

width
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/width
height
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/height
related properties: max-width, min-width, max-height, min-height

The `<length>` data type¶

Absolute vs relative units
Relative units vs relative units
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length
https://wpengine.com/resources/choose-css-unit-create-better-site-layouts-how-to/

Basic CSS

https://trinket.io/html/e8d82af055

Selectors examples

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Introduction_to_CSS/Selectors

CSS Rule Repetition¶

Selecting your selector¶

Targeting a group of elements
- "select all paragraphs and list items"
Targeting adjacent siblings
- "select all paragraphs that directly follow a heading"
Targeting descendants
- "select any image that is inside a <article>"
Targeting children
- "select all first level list items in unordered lists with the class 'toc'"

Selectors¶

single element type - apply rule to all elements of that type, e.g. use the color red for all paragraph elements

p { color: red }

class - apply rule to all elements with that class. All class names are prefixed with a .

.card { width: 25%; }

element and class, all elements of a specific type with a specific class, e.g. all paragraphs with the class "preamble"

p.preamble { font-weight: bold; }

Attribute selectors¶

Select all HTML elements with a specific attribute

[attr]

Select all HTML elements with a specific attribute + value

[attr=value]

Select all HTML elements with a specific attribute with a value that contains value

[attr~=value]

Examples: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Attribute_selectors

Selector combinators - Adding hierarchy to a selector¶

Descendant combinators - general ancestor hierarchy. E.g. paragraphs that are descendents of .card elements that are descendants of .main elements. p does not have to be a child of .card i.e. it can be a grandchild or a great grandchild.

.main .card p

Child combinator - direct children. E.g. paragraphs that are direct children of .card elements.

.card > p

Adjacent sibling combinator. E.g. paragraphs that are adjacent siblings (follow directly) to h2 elements.

h2 + p

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Selectors#combinators

Combinators¶

/* Select all li elements that are descendants of (i.e. nested within) a nav element. */
nav li {
    color: #F00;
}

/* Target all p elements that are on the same level as a h1 and follow a h1 */
h1 + p {
    font-weight: bold;
}

/* Target all p elements that are direct children of a div */
div > p {
    border: 2px solid #000;
}

Select muliple elements¶

/* Target all h1, h2 and h3 element */
h1, h2, h3 {
    border: 2px solid #000;
}

Pseudo classes¶

Pseudo-classes are keywords that are added to a ordinary selector, denoted with a : (colon).
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes
Some categories of pseudo-classes:
- Element display state pseudo-classes, e.g. :fullscreen only selects an element when it is displayed in fullscreen mode.
- Input pseudo-classes, used with form elements, e.g. :read-only only selects an element if it cannot be changed by the user.
- Location pseudo-classes, used with links and link-targeted elements, e.g. :target only selects the one element that matches the URL's fragment, if any.
- Tree-structural pseudo-classes, relates to the tree structure of the HTML, e.g. :only-child only selects elements that have no siblings
- User action pseudo-classes, depends on user input, e.g. :focus matches the element that currently has focus.

Pseudo selectors, examples¶

Select images when the mouse is on top of them:

img:hover

Select a elements (i.e. links) that have been visited:

a:visited

Select the first of a group of sibling elements. e.g. select the first p element in every div:

div p:first-child

Select the last of a group of sibling elements e.g. selects the last p element within any container:

p:last-child

Custom properties

(CSS variables)

We can declare custom properties for later use¶

/* custom properties must start with -- and are case-sensitive */

/* define the custom property --half-gutter-width for the whole CSS document */
:root {
    --half-gutter-width: 32px;
}

/* we can then use the custom property in other declarations using the var() function */
.sidebar {
    margin-left: var(--half-gutter-width);
    margin-right: var(--half-gutter-width)
}

CSS Reset

eliminate browser differences

CSS Resets

Browsers come with default stylesheets.
Some default styles differ between browsers.
CSS Reset: CSS that sets the style of these properties to known values ~ common baseline style.
Important! All assignments for this course should use Eric Meyer's CSS reset!
- Eric Meyer's CSS reset from 2011
- https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/reset.css
- Normalize.css
- http://nicolasgallagher.com/about-normalize-css/
- Reboot, Resets, and Reasoning
- https://css-tricks.com/reboot-resets-reasoning/

Classes and id:s

More about classes and id:s

What is a class? When should I use it?¶

Elements can be assigned one or more classes
More than one element can be assigned the same class.
Use classes for recurring components of your web page.
The prefix . (dot) is used to in front of class names in CSS selectors.
HTML start tag examples:

<div class="box">, <div class="box green-bg">

CSS selector examples:

.box, div.box, div.box.green-bg, green-bg

Example of using multiple classes

.wrapper {
    width: 960px;
}
.green-bg {
    background-color: green;
}
.yellow-bg {
    background-color: yellow;
}
.blue-fg {
    color: blue;
}
.box {
    border: 1px solid purple;
    width: 100px;
    height: 100px;
}

<div class="wrapper">
    <div class="green-bg box">Box 1</div>
    <div class="green-yellow box">Box 2</div>
    <div class="box blue-fg">Box 3</div>
    <!-- If multiple classes conflict, the order of their specification in the CSS file governs priority -->
    <div class="green-bg yellow-bg box">Box 4</div>
</div>

What is an id? When should I use it?¶

Elements can be assigned a single id
An id can only be assigned to a single element in a HTML document.
The prefix # (octothorpe, hash sign, pound sign) is used in front of id:s in CSS selectors.
HTML examples:

<div id="footer"> ... </div>
<h1 id="main-heading"> ... </h1>

CSS selector examples:

#footer, div#footer, h1#main-heading, #main-heading

Selectors using classes and ids¶

.infobox {
    font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Sans-Serif;
    font-size: 0.9em;
    background-color: #999;
    color: #000;
    border: 2px solid black;
}

#menu {
    background-color: #000;
    color: #FFF;
}

Multiple classes

https://trinket.io/html/f8f4b445e6

Recommendations for writing CSS¶

Try to be as unspecific as possible in order to be able to reuse code.
Less specific rules can be overridden by more specific rules when needed.
Avoid relying on ID:s (for styling). Try to use classes or paths, as these make it possible to reuse styles, i.e. "Don't repeat yourself." (DRY)
- But don't over-generalize, i.e. "Keep It Simple, Stupid" (KISS), and...
- Avoid creating new CSS rules until you actually need them, i.e. "Ya Ain't Gonna Need It" (YAGNI).

The CSS Box Model

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Introduction_to_CSS/Box_model

The CSS box model (block context)¶

Specifying an element's padding¶

If the element should have the same padding in all directions:

padding: <value>;

If not, then as one declaration with the value for each direction comma-separated (the order is clockwise starting with top):

padding: <top value>, <right value>, <bottom value>, <left value>;

or, as separate declarations:

padding-top: <top value>;
padding-right: <right value>;
padding-bottom: <bottom value>;
padding-left: <left value>;

Rules for margin and border work similarly.

Colors and borders¶

Specifying color: RGB¶

Additive color model with the components Red, Green, and Blue (in that order, always).
Each color component specified as 0-255 (decimal), 00-FF (hex), or 0-F (hex shorthand for when both hex digits are the same, e.g. 77→7 or BB→B).
Black
- rgb(0, 0, 0) or #000000 (or #000 in 3-digit shorthand)
White
- rgb(255, 255, 255) or #FFFFFF (or #FFF in shorthand)
Purple
- rgb(128, 0, 255) or #8000FF (can't be expressed in shorthand)

background-color, color¶

Headline with white text on petrol blue background:

h1 {
    color: #fff;
    background-color: #2c7987;
}

CSS Borders¶

Certain elements can have a border
A border has the following properties:
- width
- style
- color

CSS Borders¶

Shorthand declaration

border: <width> <style> <color>;

Specific properties
- border-style, border-width, border-color
- border-top, border-right, border-bottom, border-left
- border-top-style, border-top-color, etc.

CSS Layout

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout http://learnlayout.com/toc.html

Layout approaches in CSS¶

Normal flow (flow layout) + positioning
- display: block | inline | inline-block
- position: static | relative | fixed | absolute | sticky
Floating elements (legacy use for layout)
- float: left | right | none
Flexbox layout (parent manages children for a column/row based layout, main preference for this course)
- display: flex
Grid layout (define a parent grid an place children within the grid, outside scope of this course)
- display: grid

How to layout a page?¶

Break the page down into structures
- Ignore the inner structures, work from big to small
Flexbox will solve most of your problems
- Flexbox can be arranged in rows or columns
  - Think in rows
  - and sometimes also in columns
Use background-colors to identify your containers
- Fill with dummy text or set min-heights

Can I always use Flexbox?¶

Almost, but...
1. The default, or normal flow for most elements is display: block | inline + position: static
  - In CSS, each element
    1. exists inside a layout context
    2. provides a layout context for the elements in contains
  - Even if you layout a set of elements using flex or grid, anything inside those elements will still follow the normal flow unless otherwise specified.
2. Flexbox and grid layout can be very useful but cannot solve everything.
I.e. understanding normal flow + positioning is still a necessity

Normal flow¶

Normal flow is the default formatting context.
display values for normal flow:
- block
- inline
- inline-block
The inline context is “in line with text” with the generic inline element being <span> (cannot have width/height).
The block context is “outside text” with the generic block element being <div>. A block element occupies an area from left to right and has a width and height.
The inline-block context is a block in line with text (can have width/height)
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow

The display property¶

/* The formatting context is set using the display property */

.infobox {
    display: block;
}

.question {
    display: inline;
}

.wrapper {
    display: flex;
}

Inner and outer display types¶

Outer display type: how the element will be displayed inside other elements
- display: block | inline
Inner display type: how child elements will be displayed
- display: flex | grid
For a complete list, see
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display

Positioning

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning http://learnlayout.com/position.html

Five positioning types¶

position: static
position: relative
position: fixed
position: absolute
position: sticky
z-index: <number>
- z-index only affects position elements.
See
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Adding_z-index

Layout using positioning¶

static: Blocks are statically positioned by default.

position: static

relative: Relative positioning adjusts the position given by parent relatively

position: relative;
top: -20px;
left: 20px;

Layout using positioning¶

fixed: A block can be fixed to a position relative to the viewport

position: fixed;
bottom: 0px;
right: 0px;

absolute: An element can be given an absolute position relative to the nearest positioned ancestor (e.g. a ancestor with position: relative)

position: absolute;
top: -20px;
left: 20px;

Layout using positioning¶

Relatively positioned until scrolled to a threshold point
- "when the element reaches 30px from the top / 30px from the left, stick to that position"

position: sticky;
top: 30px;
left: 30px;

Flexbox layout

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox https://css-tricks.com/snippets/css/a-guide-to-flexbox/ https://flexboxfroggy.com/

Flexbox layout (`display: flex`)¶

Layout child elements as rows or columns.
Properties for configuring spacing, size, alignment, order and direction of child elements.
Specifically recommended for responsive design, i.e. design that renders well on screens of many different sizes.

Main Axis and Cross Axis

Should you choose row or row-reverse, your main axis will run along the row in the inline direction. No description has been provided for this image

Choose column or column-reverse and your main axis will run in the block direction, from the top of the page to the bottom.

The cross axis runs perpendicular to the main axis. Therefore, if your flex-direction (main axis) is set to row or row-reverse the cross axis runs down the columns. No description has been provided for this image

If your main axis is column or column-reverse then the cross axis runs along the rows.

Flexbox layout¶

Multiple properties are used together in order to use Flexbox layout
Some properties are set on the container (also called parent or flex container)
Some properties are set on the elements in the container (also caled children or flex items)
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout
- https://css-tricks.com/snippets/css/a-guide-to-flexbox/

Some parent container properties¶

display: flex
flex-direction: row | row-reverse | column | column-reverse
flex-wrap: nowrap | wrap | wrap-reverse
(flex-flow: <flex-direction> <flex-wrap>)
justify-content: flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between
align-items: stretch | flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline

Properties set on children¶

order: <integer>
flex-grow: <positive number>
flex-shrink: <positive number>
flex-basis: <width/height>
align-self: auto | flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline | stretch
flex (see reference documentation)
Important: Flexbox will override the size property of its children!

Parent properties¶

Parent property: `flex-direction`

Sets the direction of the main axis of the container
- row
- row-reverse
- column
- column-reverse
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flexdirection

Parent property: `flex-wrap`

Set whether the flex items should be placed on a single row/column or multiple rows/columns
- nowrap
- wrap
- wrap-reverse
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flexwrap

Box alignment

Alignment of flexbox items

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Box_Alignment

Main Axis and Cross Axis¶

Parent property: `justify-content`

Control alignment of all flex items on the main axis
- start
- center
- flex-start
- flex-end
- stretch
- space-between
- ... lots more, see reference documentation
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/justifycontent

Parent property: `align-items`

Control alignment of all flex items on the cross axis
- stretch
- center
- flex-start
- flex-end
- ... lots more see reference documentation
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-items

Child properties¶

Child property: `order`

Set the order (group) of a flex item in the row or column specified by the flex-direction of the parent.
By default all items have order: 0 unless otherwise specified.
- order: <integer>;
- order: -1;
- order: 1;
- order: 2;
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/order

Child property: `flex-grow`

Set how much of the available space will be given to a flex item.
- flex-grow: <positive number>;
- flex-grow: 1;
- flex-grow: 0.6;
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-grow

Child property: `flex-shrink`

Set how much a flex-item should shrink if the available space is too small.
A higher number means more shrinking is allowed.
- flex-shrink: <positive number>;
- flex-grow: 0;
- flex-grow: 0.5;
- flex-grow: 1;
- flex-grow: 2;
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/flex-shrink

Child property: `align-self`

Set alignment of a single flex item along the cross axis.
Works like align-items but only affects a single item.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/align-self

Child property: `justify-self`¶

Set the alignment of a single flex item along the main axis.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/justify-self

Flexbox

https://trinket.io/html/13f1040d2c

Responsive Design¶

Respond to the display used to render a view, e.g. a HTML document
- high resolution desktop
- tablet
- smartphone
- etc.

Responsive Design¶

A design can respond by e.g.
- altering sizes of images
- adjusting column widths
- adjusting number of columns used
- placement of navigation
- etc.
Originally Responsive Web Design (RWD)

Very quick RWD how-to¶

Set device viewport
- i.e. ask the browser how many pixels (DIPs, Device-Independant-Pixels) wide its display is

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">

Either use media-queries when linking to apply the linked stylesheet only when the media condition is true...

<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (min-width:500px)" href="small.css">

... or embed media-queries directly in the CSS with @media:

@media screen and (min-width: 500px) {
    /* your small CSS here */
}

Very quick RWD how-to

Decide break points, i.e. at which points do layout changes occur.
Note: min-width/max-width is width of browser window, min-device-width/max-device-width is width of screen on device.

Mobile-First Approach¶

Still responsive, only refers to the order you do things.
Design and implement for the smallest screen type first, then design and implement extensions of and additions to that design for sequentially larger screens, e.g.
- Mobile → Tablet → Laptop → Desktop.
- Where would you put design for TV screens in that ordering? Why?
Why mobile-first design?
- Easier to extend an initial design for a small screen to designs for larger screens than the other way around.
- Ensures that the most important elements fit on a small screen without a fundamental re-design.
Why mobile-first implementation?
- Smaller devices are generally less powerful than larger devices.
- Only load extra CSS for larger screens on more powerful devices.

Some resources¶

Responsive Web Design – What It Is And How To Use It
- https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2011/01/guidelines-for-responsive-web-design/
Responsive Web Design Basics
- https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/design-and-ux/responsive/
Responsive design
- https://www.internetingishard.com/html-and-css/responsive-design/

Typography¶

Typeface, or in CSS, `font-family`¶

Typeface: A particular style of lettering, often mistakenly called a font, and consisting of a canonical letterform for each letter.
In CSS, the typeface is referred to as the font-family.

p {
    font-family: "Comic Sans";
}

The font stack¶

The font stack refers to the series of comma separated typefaces supplied to font-family by descending order of preference.
When a browser cannot display the first typeface, the second one is used as fall-back, and so on.
It is customary to end the stack with one of a number of generic names that the browser will allways be able to resolve.
- The most common being serif, sans-serif, and monospace.
- Serif typefaces are typefaces that use serifs, i.e. slight projections added to the ends of strokes, like Times New Roman. Conversely, sans-serif refers to typefaces lacking serifs, like Arial.
- Monospace typefaces are typefaces where every symbol has the same width, like Courier New.

p {
    font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}

`font-weight`¶

The thickness of the strokes making up indvidual letters refers to the weight of the font. This is set by font-weight as a number between 1 and 1000 or a keyword with the keyword normal equalling 400 and bold equalling 700.
The thickness can also be set relative to the parent element using the keywords lighter and bolder.

p {
    font-family: "Comic Sans";
    font-weight: 300;
}

`font-style`¶

A typeface can be be displayed in roman (normal) form, i.e. standard upright form, or in italicized (italic) or oblique (oblique) form. This is set by font-style.
Historically, the italic form was a special cursive version of the typeface with different letterforms, while the oblique form was simply a slanted version of the roman letterforms. Today, italics are often identical to obliques but some fonts still have separate italic and oblique versions.
It is also possible, using some fonts, to set the oblique angle, i.e. how many degrees to slant the letterform.

p {
    font-family: "Comic Sans";
    font-style: italic;
}

`font-size`¶

We can also set the size of a font using font-size.
The size can be set to an absolute size using keywords xx-small-xxx-large or absolute length units (e.g. pt, cm).
The size can also be set relative to the font-size of the parent element's (e.g. using the keywords smaller or larger or the units em, ex or %) or the root element (using the unit rem).

p {
    font-family: "Comic Sans";
    font-size: 42pt;
}

Some further reading¶

More CSS

https://trinket.io/html/e3ef9c4225

729G87 Interaction Programming¶

Lecture 1.2¶

Johan Falkenjack, johan.falkenjack@liu.se¶

Lecture overview¶

HTML5 template¶

Adding a class to a HTML element¶

Adding an id to an element¶

CSS

Inline CSS

Internal CSS¶

External CSS (what you should use in the assignments)

So what were we actually doing here?¶

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)¶

Aspects of style¶

Aspects of layout¶

The style sheet¶

External CSS (what you should use)

CSS Rule Syntax¶

Syntax¶

Filepaths in HTML and CSS¶

I've used CSS before and it is extremely confusing and painful!¶

Examples of properties¶

Some style properties of HTML elements¶

Size¶

Size properties¶

The <length> data type¶

Basic CSS

Selectors examples

CSS Rule Repetition¶

Selecting your selector¶

Selectors¶

Attribute selectors¶

Selector combinators - Adding hierarchy to a selector¶

Combinators¶

Select muliple elements¶

Pseudo classes¶

Pseudo selectors, examples¶

Custom properties

(CSS variables)

We can declare custom properties for later use¶

CSS Reset

eliminate browser differences

CSS Resets

Classes and id:s

More about classes and id:s

What is a class? When should I use it?¶

Example of using multiple classes

What is an id? When should I use it?¶

Selectors using classes and ids¶

Multiple classes

Recommendations for writing CSS¶

The CSS Box Model

The CSS box model (block context)¶

Specifying an element's padding¶

Colors and borders¶

Specifying color: RGB¶

background-color, color¶

CSS Borders¶

CSS Borders¶

CSS Layout

Layout approaches in CSS¶

How to layout a page?¶

Can I always use Flexbox?¶

Normal flow¶

The display property¶

Inner and outer display types¶

Positioning

Five positioning types¶

Layout using positioning¶

Layout using positioning¶

Layout using positioning¶

Flexbox layout

Flexbox layout (display: flex)¶

Main Axis and Cross Axis

Flexbox layout¶

Some parent container properties¶

Properties set on children¶

Parent properties¶

Parent property: flex-direction

Parent property: flex-wrap

Adding a `class` to a HTML element¶

Adding an `id` to an element¶

The `<length>` data type¶

Flexbox layout (`display: flex`)¶

Parent property: `flex-direction`

Parent property: `flex-wrap`

Parent property: `justify-content`

Parent property: `align-items`

Child property: `order`

Child property: `flex-grow`

Child property: `flex-shrink`

Child property: `align-self`

Child property: `justify-self`¶

Typeface, or in CSS, `font-family`¶

`font-weight`¶

`font-style`¶

`font-size`¶